Road To Prototype Curiculum

Coinciding with the commemoration of Teacher's Day on November 25, 2021 in Indonesia, the 
Ministry of Education and Culture, Mr. Anwar Nadiem Makariem, in his remarks at the peak of the commemoration in Jakarta, announced a new curriculum for education in Indonesia, called the prototype curriculum.

Before developing a new curriculum, the Ministry of Education and Culture issued a prototype curriculum. The prototype curriculum is provided as an additional option for education units to carry out learning restoration in 2022-2024.

The national curriculum policy will be reviewed in 2024 based on evaluations during the learning recovery period.

The prototype curriculum encourages learning according to students' abilities, and provides more space for character development and basic competencies. The prototype curriculum has several main characteristics that support learning recovery:

Soft skills and character development (noble morals, mutual cooperation, diversity, independence, critical reasoning, creativity) gets a special portion through project-based learning.

Focus on essential material so that there is sufficient time for in-depth study of basic competencies such as literacy and numeracy.

Flexibility for teachers to carry out learning according to students' abilities (teach at the right level) and make adjustments to the local context and content.

THANKSGIVING IN KANADA

Celebration in Canada

Thanksgiving is celebrated on the second Monday in October. In the United States, the same day is celebrated as Columbus Day and is an official holiday. The origin of Thanksgiving in Canada is different from in America. Canadians celebrate Thanksgiving as a sign of gratitude for the success of the harvest.

Thanksgiving is a celebration for 3 days on weekends. In some provinces, celebrations are even up to four days, from Friday to Monday. Thanksgiving is only celebrated with families in the English-speaking province of Canada, and is not so celebrated by Canadian citizens of French descent. The day of enjoying Thanksgiving is usually not specified, it can be eaten on Thursday, Friday or Sunday as long as it's still on Thanksgiving weekend. The Thanksgiving meal for Canadians can take place many times. Today with relatives from the husband's side, the next day can be with other relatives. Although hereditary Thanksgiving is celebrated with the family, a Thanksgiving weekend holiday is often used by young couples to take a walk enjoying the views of autumn leaves.

In Canada, Santa does not march on Thanksgiving. The only biggest Thanksgiving parade in Canada was the Oktoberfest parade in Kitchener-Waterloo.

History of Thanksgiving in Canada

The history of Thanksgiving in Canada began British explorer Martin Frobisher who tried to find a way north to Asia from the American continent. He did not succeed in finding the Bering Strait, but managed to establish a settlement in Canada. In 1578, Martin Frobisher held a memorial service in what is now called the province of Newfoundland and Labrador. That means thank you for surviving a long journey. The commemorative ceremony led by Martin Frobisher is the first Canadian Thanksgiving, as well as the first Thanksgiving celebration in North America. Many other settlers came to Canada then continued this tradition. Martin Frobisher later received the title of warrior from the United Kingdom and his name was enshrined for a bay in northern Canada called the Frobisher Bay.

At the same time, French settlers who managed to cross the ocean under the explorer leader Samuel de Champlain also held a large party to give thanks. They even formed a social gathering called Ordre de bon temps to increase the spirit and improvement of nutrition of French settlers, while sharing with neighbors who were native to Canada.

After the Seven Years' War ended in 1763 with New France falling into British hands, residents of Halifax celebrated Thanksgiving in a special way.

After the end of the American revolution, American refugees who were loyal supporters of the Kingdom of Great Britain flowed into Canada. The refugees brought along the American Thanksgiving traditions and habits to Canada, although Thanksgiving celebrations in Canada will continue to be related to worship and the traditions of the main European and British harvest festivals. The church is decorated with cornucopia (funnel-shaped ornaments containing vegetables and fruits), pumpkins, corn, wheat bonds, and various other crops.

In the end, in 1879, the Canadian Parliament established November 6 as Thanksgiving and an official holiday in Canada. After that, Thanksgiving celebrations often change, but often on the third Monday in October. After World War I, Armistice Day and Thanksgiving were both celebrated on Monday around November 11. Ten years later in 1931, the two celebrations were separated and Armistice Day was called Remembrance Day.

On January 31, 1957, the Canadian Parliament established:

"General Thanksgiving for the Almighty God who blesses Canada with abundant harvests ... will be commemorated on the second Monday of October."

Canada's first Thanksgiving Day after the Confederate deed was held on a holiday on April 5, 1872 to celebrate the healing of Prince Wales (later King Edward VII of the United Kingdom) of being seriously ill. Since 1879, Thanksgiving has always been celebrated every year, but the date has only been set for that year and is always changing.

HISTORY OF THANKSGIVING IN UNITED STATED

Pilgrims

The tradition of celebrating Thanksgiving by eating together began in America in 1621. Pilgrims living in Plymouth, Massachusetts held a dinner party with Native Americans of the Wampanoag tribe. The tradition of Thanksgiving dinner continues until now and is called "Thanksgiving dinner" with a main menu in the form of turkey. Part of the story of the origin of Thanksgiving in America is a myth that developed around the 1890s and early 1900s. Thanksgiving was intended as part of an effort to create national identity after the Civil War, and part of the awareness of the melting pot for new immigrants.

In 1621, the pilgrims set a day to celebrate celebrating the colony's first crop in Plymouth, New England. At that time, the party was held not to celebrate Thanksgiving, but rather a harvest party which was a tradition of the British and Indians of the Wampanoag tribe. Some colony officials wrote personal notes about the party in 1621 in Massachusetts.

The following notes are quoted from the book Of Plymouth Plantation written by Pilgrim leader William Bradford:

"They are now starting to collect small crops produced, and prepare homes and dwellings to face the winter, all of which are blessed with health and strength and all supplies are abundant. While some people work outside the home, some go fishing, cod, sea bass and other fish, all of which are stored and owned by every family in sufficient quantities. During the summer poultry is not needed, and now has a supply of poultry. Winter is approaching, this place is still abundant when they first arrive (but after it decreases little by little.) In addition to waterfowl, there are many supplies of wild turkeys, which many take by them, in addition to venison, etc. In addition, they have had to measure food rations a week for everyone, or now from harvest, corn Indians according to the same dosage, which made many people afterwards write happily about the abundant harvests of kep there are their friends in England, who are not made up, all are true reports. "

Writing by Mayflower leader Pilgrim Edward Winslow in the book Mourt's Relations:

"Our harvest has been brought in, our governor sent four people to hunt poultry, so we can celebrate together on special occasions after finishing collecting the results of hard work. The four of them in one day got the same number of poultry, with a group of people for a week, that with a little help. At that time, among other free time fillers, when we held celebrations, many Indians came to our place, and among them the greatest king Massasoit, along with ninety people, whom we entertained and feasted on eating for three days, and they went hunting and got five deer, which we brought to the plantation and offered to our governors, captains and others. And even though we didn't always have abundance as before at the same time, we were always above what we wanted, all of them thanks to God's goodness, we also want you to enjoy the abundance we have. "

Winslow's record of ninety Indians was very interesting. The number of indigenous people present exceeded 50 British people who survived at that time. The previous two sentences only recorded the incident at that time, but historians assume the two groups (British and Native Americans) held a celebration that was not yet common.

Pilgrims did not hold Thanksgiving as it is known now until 1623, after experiencing drought, prayer asked for rain, and rain succeeded in falling later. Thanksgiving celebrations are carried out irregularly and are only done if there is a pleasant event, or after food shortages due to unpleasant events. In the tradition of pilgrims in Plymouth, Thanksgiving is more of a church celebration and not a feast.

The Thanksgiving party held after the harvest gradually developed in the middle of the 17th century. But the day of organizing Thanksgiving was not yet in unison, each colony had its own Thanksgiving day.

The Massachusetts Bay colony celebrated its first Thanksgiving in 1630. Since then Thanksgiving has been held regularly, until finally around 1680 it was designated as an annual festival in the Massachusetts Bay colony. The Connecticut colony began Thanksgiving since 1639, held it every year until 1647, with the exception of 1675. The Dutch in New Netherland set a special day to celebrate Thanksgiving in 1644, and after that it was sometimes re-established.

American Revolutionary War until the formation of the state
During the American Revolutionary War, the Continental Congress set a date for Thanksgiving which could be one or more days, with the exception of 1777. Each time the Thanksgiving date was set, the Continental Congress encouraged the leaders of each state to take Thanksgiving on a specified date.

George Washington, revolutionary forces leader in the American Revolutionary War announced Thanksgiving in December 1777 as a celebration of victory after defeating British forces in the Battle of Saratoga. Every year, the Continental Congress from 1777 to 1783 establishes Thanksgiving in December, with the exception of 1782.

In 1789 and 1795, George Washington once again announced Thanksgiving, but this time in his capacity as president.

The determination of Thanksgiving by President George Washington in 1789 was thanks to the recommendation of a resolution established by the House of Representatives and the Senate. Thanksgiving was set nationally on November 26, 1789. The reason for holding Thanksgiving was "to encourage the people of the United States, a day to pray and give thanks to the public, to be commemorated with a thank you statement from the bottom of your heart for thanksgiving and signs of God's goodness Almighty, especially that has given the people the opportunity to establish a form of government peacefully, for the safety and happiness of the people ... "(signed) G. Washington, The Massachusetts Sentinel, Wednesday, October 14, 1789.

President John Adams declared Thanksgiving in 1798 and 1799. President Madison, set a day for Thanksgiving at the end of the nearly 1812 war in response to the resolution of Congress. In addition, President Madison had set a Thanksgiving holiday twice in 1815, but both were not celebrated in the fall.

Since 1817, every year the Governor of New York has set a Thanksgiving day. In some Southern countries, Thanksgiving has been opposed on the grounds that it only retains the remnants of puritan culture. But in 1858, the governors of 25 states and 2 territories had established Thanksgiving together.

In the midst of the United States Civil War, President Abraham Lincoln set a national Thanksgiving day to be celebrated on the last Thursday in November 1863. The determination of Thanksgiving was a reaction to a series of editorials written by Sarah Joseph Hale. Since 1863, Thanksgiving is officially celebrated every year in the United States.

President Roosevelt's period until now
In 1939, President Franklin D. Roosevelt established Thanksgiving on the third Thursday in November and no longer on the fourth Thursday. This announcement was made when the American economy was still in the midst of the Great Depression. President Roosevelt intended to give traders a longer chance to sell as many items as possible before Christmas arrived. Increased merchant income and increased public expenditure are expected to help the country from the economic downturn. At that time, sales of goods for Christmas were still not worthy of being advertised until Thanksgiving finished. The Roosevelt Declaration of Thanksgiving was only followed by 23 states, while 22 states did not heed it. States such as Texas decide nothing and consider the third and fourth Thursday of the week as government holidays. In 1940, President Roosevelt insisted on celebrating Thanksgiving a week earlier (the third Thursday of the week) known as Franksgiving. In 1941, the United States Congress appeared as a mediator and set Thanksgiving on the fourth Thursday in November, which sometimes falls on the last Thursday of the week, and sometimes falls on Thursday before the last Thursday of the week. President Roosevelt set this bill into law on November 26, 1941.

Since 1947, each year the National Turkey Federation has a tradition of giving gifts of 2 turkeys that have been cleaned and ready to be cooked and one turkey is alive to the President of the United States. A living turkey is forgiven for his life and lives peacefully as a pet on a farm. This tradition dates back to the time of President Harry Truman in 1947, but there is no evidence in this Truman Library library. Another opinion said that the tradition of forgiving turkeys began with President Abraham Lincoln who promised not to cut off his son's pet turkey. Both versions of the story were often quoted in a presidential speech.

Lately, the number of turkeys that have been forgiven has been two. In case one turkey is unable to receive clemency from the President. Since 2003, the public has been invited to participate in the contest giving the name turkey. In 2005, the names chosen were Marshmallow and Yam (who now lives in Disneyland). Biscuit and Gravy were chosen as the names of two turkeys in 2004. In 2003, both were named Stars and Stripes.

Since 1970, a group of people with a core of Indian tribes held a controversial memorial to the National Day of Mourning in protest at Thanksgiving at Plymouth Rock, Plymouth, Massachusetts.

THANKSGIVING DAY

Thanksgiving Day

Thanksgiving Day is a holiday in North America to thank and feel grateful at the end of the harvest season. Thanksgiving is an official holiday in the United States that falls on the fourth Thursday in November. In Canada, Thanksgiving falls on the second Monday in October.

First Thanksgiving

The first Thanksgiving Day was held in 1619 at the British Colony, now called Berkeley Plantation in Virginia, and in Plymouth, Massachusetts in 1621.

Long weekend

In the United States, Thanksgiving holidays that always fall on Thursday are the first day of a 4-day long weekend. For some employees (78% in 2007), Thanksgiving and the following Friday are paid salaries. Apart from that, employees with a leave system that can be taken at any time can request leave on the day after Thanksgiving. 

The day after Thanksgiving is Friday, called Black Friday, which marks the start of the Christmas shopping season. Most stores have been open since early morning (usually since 5:00 a.m.), and sell goods with a loss / warehouse sale system so that buyers want to come. It is called Black Friday because on that day their bookkeeping balance usually changes from red (loss) to black (profit). Large stores such as electronics, supermall, and the like are usually full of people waiting in line to buy goods from Thursday afternoon. Some electronic stores have formed a queue of 100-200 people to buy goods on sale. Shops are usually open on Fridays at 5am, but the queues have sometimes begun since Thursday at 5pm. Supermal sometimes opens at 12 midnight and shops in it sell sale items. On this special day it is not uncommon for supermal visitors at midnight to become hundreds or even thousands of people.

Transportation

Thanksgiving in North America is also an opportunity to gather with family and relatives. Wednesday before Thanksgiving and Sunday, the last day of the Thanksgiving holiday, are the busiest days for air transportation, trains, intercity buses and highways.

Celebration tradition

Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade

In the United States there is a tradition of enjoying Thanksgiving dinner with family, friends and relatives. Turkey is the main dish, so Thanksgiving is also known as "Turkey Day". Turkeys are usually eaten with cranberry sauce and other dishes such as potato puree, boiled corn, pumpkin pie (the rest of Halloween), and various other autumn vegetables. When enjoying Thanksgiving food, people usually tell each other about the good things they have experienced.

Thanksgiving holidays began as a United States national holiday to thank and praise God. The legacy of religious values ​​continues in the form of tradition to say a prayer before enjoying Thanksgiving.

Thanksgiving celebration (Thursday) is a celebration that is not very commercial. Even though there are Thanksgiving greeting cards for sale in stores, not many people like to buy them. In addition to food and drinks to be enjoyed together, people also usually do not expect to be given gifts, and indeed there is no tradition of exchanging gifts. Children's decorations are usually used as Thanksgiving decorations at home. But today Friday after Thanksgiving is a sign of the start of the shopping season that ends until the New Year where people start shopping on a large scale

In New York City, Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade is held once a year every Thanksgiving in downtown Manhattan. The parade features vehicles decorated with interesting themes, decorated vehicles featuring television celebrities, scenes from Broadway musicals, big balloon-shaped cartoon characters, and public high school marching bands. The parade usually ends with an ornate vehicle boarded by Santa. That is to remind people that the Christmas shopping season has arrived.

Thanksgiving parade was also held in many other cities, like in Plymouth, Houston, Philadelphia (reputedly the oldest Thanksgiving parade), and Detroit which is the biggest parade of the year. In the New York metropolitan area, Stamford, Connecticut organizes Macy's march rivals using different large balloon characters.

Christmas shopping season according to the tradition of the United States begins the day after Thanksgiving. The shopping tradition the day after Thanksgiving has been started since the 1930s. Crowded Americans are looking for bargain items at discounted prices for the Christmas season. For shopping centers in America, the day after Thanksgiving is

Typical Kalimantan Musical Instruments

Changes in time from time to time cannot be denied indeed increasingly advanced and developing. The digital age "forces" us to glance at sophisticated gadgets and tools (tools) because it offers practicality in productivity with any purpose because it's easy, including musical instruments. Actually there is nothing wrong with all of that, but it would be nice if a traditional musical instrument that Indonesia has not to lose is consumed by the current era but must be preserved. Like this typical Kalimantan musical instrument, what is important to be known and also learned by the young generation of the nation. Do not just stay by name or even disappear altogether because it is only a legacy of "inheritance" without anyone learning or playing it again.

Typical Kalimantan musical instruments certainly become one of our pride of the Indonesian people, because it is part of history as well as the heritage of the ancestors. If we don't want our country's traditional tools to be taken by other countries, we must always look after them. Besides that, the form of our love for the motherland is one of them by knowing, keeping also learning everything that exists. Traditional musical instruments are even more beautiful when compared to modern / digital musical instruments. Moreover, we can combine with sounds produced by modern instruments. Surely the results will be much more beautiful, because it is a blend of harmonization of modern and traditional music.

Typical Kalimantan Musical Instruments

Here are 5 typical Kalimantan musical instruments that can be used as innovations to be combined with modern musical instruments that you can.

1. Kintung

This Kintung musical instrument is from South Kalimantan. The shape is almost similar to angklung and how to ring it by being hit. To adjust the sound of this kintung depends on the sharpness of each kintung. The higher the sharpener is made, the higher the sound of this instrument. But the handle for the handle becomes shorter. The handle usually uses two sections as a benchmark. The segment in the middle inside the two segments is cleaned and discarded to produce a beautiful sound. If we are creative, maybe we can try it at home.

2. Bumbung

This typical Kalimantan musical instrument is still based on the same material, bamboo. This type of musical instrument is often found in the Berikin village precisely in the Hulu Sungai Tengah Regency. The starch is glutinous rice that has been burned and is in the bamboo. That was the beginning of the process of naming a musical instrument in a bumbung. To produce sound, it uses two bamboo segments. This type of musical instrument can be changed so that it can produce 7 basic notes from a song.

3. Kalampat

Kalampat looks very similar to a drum. The way to play it is the same way by being hit, but the kalampat is hit with a bamboo stick. Material for making it uses large bamboo. It is used for a drum body that requires a diameter that must be large. Kalampat is usually played during bawanang, babalian ceremonies and medical ceremonies which contain mystical elements. It is only played to accompany certain events.

4. Panting

Typical Kalimantan musical instruments that are played by picking. The shape of a kind of Arabic gambus is important, but the size is smaller. Panting comes from the Banjar community, namely the people in South Kalimantan. This type of musical instrument is now very rarely found, the group that usually carries is already rare. A. Sarbaini is a person who is so famous as a great player.

5. Sampek / Sape '

Well, here it is a musical instrument that I refer to as one of the most popular musical instruments in Kalimantan. This one musical instrument is from East Kalimantan Province (sorry if wrong). How to play it is almost the same as painting, that is by picking. The material for making sampek is wood. Kalimantan produces a lot of good wood, so it's not surprising that the sapek produced will be good too. For sampek material, many use adau wood, marang wood, meranti wood and pelantan wood or the like.

Many of these musical instruments are owned by Kalimantan. What are you curious about? Or want to make it yourself? Whatever it is if our goal is to preserve traditional tools, I think that is more than enough as proof of our service and offerings for the homeland of Indonesia.

Ministry of Education and Culture Establishes Post-Earthquake Emergency Class in Lombok

Educational News From Lombok After The Earthquake

The Ministry of Education and Culture (Kemendikbud) lowered the team to check the condition of schools affected by a 6.4 on the Richter scale earthquake (SR) on the island of Lombok on Sunday morning (07/29/2018). Through the Education Quality Assurance Institute (LPMP) and the Center for Early Childhood Education (PAUD and Dikmas) for the Province of West Nusa Tenggara (NTB), the team continues to ensure that learning can take place using emergency facilities. 1. Emergency classrooms "We prepare tents to become classrooms and school supplies so that learning can run. And for damaged schools, rehabilitation or revitalization will be carried out immediately by building a new school building," Minister of Education and Culture (Mendikbud) Muhadjir Effendy said. in Sumbawa Besar, NTB, Monday (07/30/2018). Reporting from the Ministry of Education and Culture's website, Muhadjir added, do not let the damage disrupt the learning process of students. For this reason the Minister of Education and Culture invited educational units to be able to carry out the solidarity movement to ease the burden on the victims.

From the LPMP team's report, schools affected by the earthquake as of 30 July 2018 were found in Belanting and Obel-obel villages, Sambelia District, East Lombok. Roof of Public Elementary School (SDN) 1 Obel-obel was badly damaged. While most of the classrooms of SDN 3 Obel-obel collapsed. 2. There were no victims from SDN 5 Blanting students after being damaged in the form of roofs and walls collapsing. Sambelia 2 Junior High School (SMPN) 2, was damaged in the form of a collapsed roof, then a part of the fence and wall collapsed. Meanwhile, it was also reported by the NTB provincial team, the condition of the Giat Dusun Medas school, Baitussahid, Al Islah, Obel-obel village, which suffered moderate damage with cracked walls and collapsed roofs. Until now there have been no reported casualties or injuries from education actors in the earthquake affected area. "We get temporary information from LPMP and BP PAUD Dikmas NTB province. Later we will convey the progress of handling," said Director General of Primary and Secondary Education (Dirjen Dikdasmen) Hamid Muhammad. Currently the Kemendikbud team, from LPMP and BP PAUD Dikmas, and the PKLK Directorate (Special Education and Special Services) are working with the local education office to ensure that post-earthquake handling can work well, he added.

Translated from Original Article

This article has been published on Kompas.com under the title "Ministry of Education and Culture Establishes Post-Earthquake Emergency Class in Lombok", https://lifestyle.kompas.com/read/2018/07/30/14511541/kemendikbud-dirikan-kelas-darurat-pascagempa-lombok .

Author: Yohanes Enggar Harususilo

A Brief History of the Indonesian Nation Before Until Independence

As a good Indonesian citizen, it is fitting to know Indonesia's brief history. Based on existing history, Indonesia is a region inhabited by various types of ancient humans. Some ancient humans known to exist in Indonesia are Homo floresiensis and Pithecanthropus erectus. After the prehistoric period, the history of Indonesia can be seen from the records from China which contain information that the most powerful maritime kingdom in the past was the Kingdom of Srivijaya.

The kingdom that became the center in studying Buddhism has power in the Malacca Strait to the Sumatran sea since the 7th to 13th centuries. The Syailendra Dynasty from the Mataram Kingdom is known to have built Borobudur Temple located in Central Java. Borobudur Temple is known for its Buddhist architecture. Then followed by the construction of the Prambanan Temple by Raja Rakai Pikatan who was a descendant of Sanjaya. The Prambanan Temple was built in Hindu style.

Brief History of Indonesia to Freedom:

The next brief history of Indonesia was during the Majapahit Kingdom which succeeded in mastering the archipelago in 1294. Then, the religion of Islam began to enter and develop through trade activities. Until now, Islam is the religion of the majority of Indonesian people. Until now, Islam, Hinduism and Buddhism developed in the homeland and influenced society in terms of culture and way of life. History continued when Marco Polo, a European national, first set foot on Sumatra.

The Spaniards and Portuguese were known to have mastered the islands known to have a great deal of spice. In 1596 the first time a Dutch ship docked in the sea of ​​West Java and began to stick its hagemonies. For more than 3 centuries, the Dutch colonized islands in the homeland until finally a government called the Dutch East Indies stood. Since then, there has been a rebellion by the Indonesian people to fight the invaders.

A brief history of the founding of the Indonesian nation also noted that Japan had invaded the Indonesian archipelago. After the "Great East Asia War", where the United States declared it would fight Japan on December 8, 1941 at the United States Defense Center named "Pearl Harbor". Furthermore, the Dutch East Indies government also joined the allies to declare war with the Japanese State. At first, Japan came to Indonesia to paralyze Dutch troops. Then Japan controlled various regions in Indonesia. Japan's territory became increasingly fierce when they succeeded in conquering Batavia (now Jakarta) on March 5, 1942. The Dutch, who were increasingly pressured by the Japanese attack, finally "surrendered unconditionally". Initially, Indonesian people responded well to the arrival of the Japanese military. This can be seen from the cooperative attitude of national figures such as Ir. Soekarno and also Moh Hatta.

At the beginning of a brief history of the birth of the Indonesian nation, the Japanese Government was seen as actively giving goodness to the people of Indonesia by forming various community organizations. Even though behind this kindness, Japan has an interest in Indonesia. Some organizations known to be made by the Japanese government are the People's Power Center (PUTERA), the Three A Movement, Seinendan, Jawa Hokokai, Fujinkai, Keibodan, MIAI, Heiho, and the Indonesian Independence Preparatory Business Investigation Agency (BPUPKI) which was formed in the Prime Minister's government Tojo in 1943.

BPUPKI was then dissolved and replaced with PPKI or Dokuritsu Junbi Inkai. PPKI is not an organization formed by Japan, but a committee that is formed based on the agreement and also the struggle of national stores that play a role in independence. Japan's defeat against America made this country increasingly cornered. Seeing this, the young generation of Indonesia took advantage of this opportunity to proclaim its independence on August 17, 1945. Thus a brief history of Indonesia, hopefully useful for you.